Nursing Theories, Theory of Needs, Virginia Henderson - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1638 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Virginia Henderson is one of the most recognized pioneer nurses that came up with very vital theories that are being put into practice in nursing profession up to date.   Basically the theories in nursing demonstrate a number of realities during their stages of development depending with the interest of the nursing fraternity at that particular time. Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in the year 1897. Throughout her life, she managed to earn herself a number of titles basing on her prowess in the field of nursing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nursing Theories, Theory of Needs, Virginia Henderson" essay for you Create order A number of people referred to her as the Nightingale of the modern day nursing, others referred to her as the mother of the modern day nursing not mentioning some people who described her as the Florence nightingale of the 20th century. This woman started her nursing journey in 1921 after attaining a diploma in nursing from the Army school of nursing, at the Walter reed hospital in Washington DC. Her career started immediately after graduation as she served at the Henry Street visiting nurse for a period of two years. Moving forward from her first job as a nurse, she went ahead at started teaching nursing at the Norfolk protestant hospital located in Virginia. She then decided to proceed with her education 8 years after attaining her diploma by enrolling for a bachelor’s degree at the teachers college at Colombia University. She attained her bachelor’s degree in 1932. She didn’t stop there as she proceeded with her master’s degree which she attained in 1934. After finishing her master’s degree at the Colombia University, she became a member if the teaching staff and stayed there up to 1948. She then proceeded to Yale University in 1953 where she occupied the position of a research associate in the school of nursing. The hard work and success of this woman never went unnoticed. This is because of the numerous recognitions that she received throughout her career. To start with, she received an honorary doctoral degree from a number of universities. This include pace university, university of western Ontario, the Catholic university of America, university of Rochester and the Yale University. In 1985, she gained recognition by being honored at the annual meeting held by the Nursing and Allied Health section of the medical library association.   Among her achievement is the revision of the Harmer’s classic textbook of nursing to its 4th edition in 1939. She went ahead and developed the 5th edition including a number of her personal definitions of nursing (Henderson, 1991). Unfortunately she died on the 19th of March, 1996. Background of Theory In most cases, Henderson referred to her definition of nursing as her concept (Henderson, 1991). One of her emphasis was on the importance of having a situation whereby the independence of the patient is increased so that the patient progress will not be delayed after the patient leaves the hospital (Henderson, 1991). She also emphasized on helping individuals to be able to gain independence in regards to doing a number of activities that will eventually lead to proper health or recovery (Henderson, 1996). Henderson came up with 14 categories of nursing activities depending of the needs of human beings. Apart from that, Henderson described the role of a nurse in three ways. First she believed that a nurse role is substitutive, this is to say that a nurse is supposed to do some things for the patient. She went ahead and described the role of a nurse as supplementary; this is to mean that a nurse is supposed to help a patient in situations where they cannot do things themselves. Finally she described the nursing role as complementary that is working hand in hand with the patient. All these are geared towards helping the patient gain a considerable level of independence. According to Henderson nursing is defined as, the unique function where a nurse is required to help an individual whether well or sick in doing some activities that add up to the wellbeing of the individual or otherwise peaceful death that the individual would have done by himself if he had the required strength, knowledge or will. A nurse is required to this in such a way that the individual will attain independence as first as possible (Henderson, 1996). The 14 components of nursing based on human needs Normal breathing, proper eating and adequate drinking Body wastes should be eliminated iii. Proper movement and maintenance of posture that is desirable Proper sleep and rest Proper selection of clothes and the ability to dress and undress Proper maintenance of the body temperature at the allowable range through the adjustment of clothing or changing the environment vii. The body should be kept clean and proper groomed and at the same time the integument should be protected viii. Beware of dangers posed by the environment in order to avoid injury on oneself or to others Ability to communicate with other human beings through the expression of emotions, opinions, fears or needs One is required to worships depending on his/her faith Ensure that in whatever work you do, you end up with a sense of accomplishment xii. Participation in any form of recreation xiii. Human beings are supposed to be in a position to learn or to discover or to satisfy their level of curiosity in such a way that it leads to proper development which is normal and healthier. xiv. People are required to make use of the health facilities around them Assumptions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This theory has three major assumptions: Nurses are responsible for the care of patients up to the extent in which the patient is able to care for themselves Nurses are very willing to help the patients and they can devote themselves fully day and night Nurses should have university education entailing both arts and sciences Henderson’s Theory and the Major Concepts individual Individual have needs which are basic therefore they sometimes need help in order to gain independence, health or peaceful death. The body and mind of individuals are inseparable and interrelated.   Components that are put in consideration are the biological, sociological, psychological and spiritual components. In other words the theory describes a patient one made of parts having bio psychological needs. Environment This is the place in which individual develop different patterns to aid in living. This includes all the external factors that play a role in life and development. It also involves the relationship of an individual with family. Nursing involves creating an environment that will enable an individual to perform all the 14 nursing activities without help. iii. Health Health is the ability of an individual to perform all the 14 activities without an aid. Nurses are entitled to promote health by preventing and curing diseases. Nursing Nursing is the process of temporarily assisting someone who is not able to perform the 13 components independently. Nurses are meant to help patients gain a sense of independence.   Nurses are required to have the knowhow of practicing human and individualized care and they should be able to solve problems scientifically. Application of Henderson’s Theory to the Nursing Practice There are quite a number of applications of the theory to today’s nursing practice. First and foremost, the 14 fundamental activities as stated by Henderson are of quite importance in the nursing practice. This is quite evident in how nurses usually carries out their task in helping their patients to meet their needs be it social, physical, spiritual or emotional by looking into the patients normal breathing ability, proper eating and adequate drinking. Apart from that is the ability of the patient to eliminate body waste. These are some of the primary concerns that nurses usually address. Secondly, it is also evident that nurses are quite devoted to their work. This is attributed to the fact that they are always available 24 hours in the 7 days of the week as they really want to help the patients gain dependence as fast as possible. Nurses are willing to help the patients in meetings their needs something that the patient or family members cannot provide. Cases of stroke are on the rise, leading to patients getting disabilities such as paralysis. This makes the aspect of moving and maintaining a desirable posture very hard for them. Therefore in order to prevent other complications, nurses usually step in by helping the patients to move around and maintain a desirable posture by using their knowledge and skills. Apart from that, the nurses usually impart knowledge to the patient and the family members on what needs to be done. This means that once the patient leaves the hospital, they can still gain quick dependence. Another important factor in this theory is the aspect of breathing. Henderson describes how normal breathing is very important for human life. That why we see administration of oxygen in most hospitals. Apart from that Henderson includes proper eating. This is what necessitated things like nasogastric tube insertion used for feeding patients as it helps in their nourishment. Also adding water to patients also is an application of this theory as it states that patients should have adequate drinking. Limitations of this Theory There are a number of limitations associated with this theory: It lacks the conceptual linkage between the physiological characteristics and other human characteristics Unclear relationship among the 14 fundamental needs iii. Little explanation of what a nurse does in helping a patient attain peaceful death There is no concept of the holistic nature of human beings Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to note the entire theory was propagated by what Henderson believes to be the perfect definition of nursing. Her emphasis was mainly placed on the basic human needs. This has paved way for the development of other theories that deals with personal needs and the input of nurses in attaining such needs. Generally, the 14 fundamental needs as described by Henderson are very clear and self-explanatory.

Throughout History, It Has Generally Been Accepted That

Throughout history, it has generally been accepted that women are of a lesser standard than that of their male counterparts. There has always been an opposition to this theory that believes that the reverse is true, or at the very least, that the sexes are equal. While some authors place women within their works solely as a filler character, or as support of their male lead, there are some that have written with the intent of the females offering a distinctive viewpoint than that of what the readers might be used to. The roles of women in literature have never been forced to be monotonous, yet that’s how they’ve been perceived. However, there are examples of female characters who have been written with the express purpose of breaking that†¦show more content†¦It is almost guaranteed that were it Grendel’s father, there would not be the same outcry. However, it is believed that because she is in fact a female, it is that fact that really cements the other characters in their rally against her wickedness. Because it is believed that a woman who can commit the things that Grendel’s mother has committed can only be evil. Chaucer made sure it was different for the Wife. Within the Prologue, the Wife is heavily criticized for having had five husbands. She, however, does not see the issue. From her position, the Bible does not ever state how many husbands a woman should take. In addition, she points out how Solomon, Jacob and Abraham all had multiple wives simultaneously, alluding to a double standard and hypocrisy in those who would try and demean her for how many husbands she would take by referring to the Bible for her sin while, in that same Bible, there are stories of the exact same situation she is in, only with men in her place instead of women, and those situations are readily accepted. Chaucer characterized the Wife of Bath as fitting almost every stereotype of what a â€Å"bad woman† would be during his time; the Wife is characterized as a scheming, controlling, manipulative woman who exerts her will over her husband’s and portrays them as good or bad based on their level of submittance to her will. However,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Women in Law Enforcement843 Words   |  4 Pagesstereotypes that women in the law enforcement field have to face. In order to recruit more women into policing, law enforcement agencies should attempt to overcome the idea that policing is a male-oriented profession. This paper will cover parts of the history of women police officers, some views and stereotypes of the female officer, job related issues, life outside of the workforce and job satisfaction. It used to be that only nursing, teaching, and clerical positions were open to women. 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The American Influence in the post-Cold War Era a Critical Perspective Free Essays

Introduction The post-Cold War era saw the end of the simple bipolarity in international affairs, and the redistribution of power in the international system resulted in the revision of classic concepts of war, power, security and conflict. The new agenda for economic development of the poorest regions and their political integration in a globalizing world, led to an increased role of non-governmental organisations in foreign affairs (Cox, 2003; 2008; Baylis Smith, 2007; Brown, 2005; Strange, 2002). With globalization, the capacity of the state was undermined, and transnational corporations and global firms became the landmarks of a new world order, which some labelled as post-democracy (Crouch, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on The American Influence in the post-Cold War Era: a Critical Perspective or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the age of post-democracy, the debate around the reorganization of power in the international system and the sustainability of the main continuities in US foreign policy such as trade liberalization and democratization became a question of new debate (Nye, 1990; Strange, 2002; Cox, 2003; 2008). The question whether the United States was going to preserve its economic and political primacy in a much more complex world divided experts, and existing theories of imperialism clashed with newly emerged visions of a multilateral world, where influence and resources are shared among a relatively strong America, and emerging Asian powers. This short essay will critically examine the influence of the United States in the post Cold War world, and will explore whether the demise of the American dream for political and economic freedom is really on its way. This will be observed in the context of US foreign policy. Research question This essay will explore whether the American dream and its replications in foreign policy is in its demise in the post-Cold War era. It will defend the view, that despite the rising powers from Asia and the political and military capabilities of Russia, Israel and Iran, the American continuities in foreign policy remain resilient and to a large extent – sustainable in a multi-polar world. In order to do this, the author has decided to look at two specific tenets of US foreign policy and their sustainability as factors in global politics – economic trade liberalism and democratization. Both of them will be discussed separately. First, the author will briefly mention the replications of the American dream in foreign policy. The American dream re-examined – the foreign policy dimension The American dream largely reflects the American values, embedded in the ideas of social equality for all people and economic freedom. Its replications in foreign policy have had two shapes – one is economic trade liberalization, and the other one is the spread of democracy. In the post Cold War era, theories related to the contested powers of the United States permeated the political discourse, and the ubiquity of the American influence in the world became a topic of discussion. According to Gowan (2008), one of the characteristic traits of American foreign policy has been the preservation of its capitalist policies, through the spread of liberal values all over the world. He argues that despite the rise of Asian powers, the US has managed to maintain its â€Å"world empire image† (347) through the sustainability of American dominated free market and institutions. The result of this post-Cold War strategy is the increasing political influence of the US in military and security issues. In sum, the American dream in foreign policy in the post-Cold War period can be looked at on two levels – one is economic and is related with the ever expanding policies of trade liberalism. The other one is related to growing political power, stemming from t he preservation of American controlled markets. For the purposes of this essay, both will be examined. The American economic liberalism in the new era In this section, it will not be sufficient to explore only the American macroeconomic performance after the end of the post Cold War. First, we need to briefly highlight the ideological tenets, on which this performance rests. The ideology, which has shaped the US performance since WWII is related to economic liberalism, free trade and cooperation, for the purposes of sustaining a capitalist model of production (Gowan, 2008; Brown, 2005 Cox, 2003; 2008). It rests on the image of liberal values and openness, which the US embraced during its expansion in Latin America in the 19th century. This image, described by some as American exceptionalism (Hunt, 1987; Levy, 2001) has remained continuity in US foreign policy, despite the changing conditions of the external political environment. The idea of open trade, dynamic industries and multi-lateral trade relations are all tenets of the perpetuating image of the United States as a key player in trade and economics, and a proponent of capital ism. Although it is argued whether this consistency has revolved around economic multilateralism, mercantilism or neo-imperialism (Wallerstein, 2003; Gowan, 2008), its perpetuation in international affairs is undisputed. Despite the global recession and the rising Asian powers, the US has preserved its position as one of the leading powers in the global economy. Official figures for American gross domestic product show that since 1994, the American economy has grown at a significantly faster rate than other main advanced economies such as the Eurozone and Japan (Gowan, 2008). Growth declined sharply in 2001 and 2002 but recovered shortly after, and before the recession, figures show that the US total share in the global economic output has grown to 49.6 per cent (Gowan, 2008:351). With the global recession, the American economic ideology was challenged, and the supremacy of the dollar as the world currency – put to question because of issues related with mounting trade deficits and foreign debt. However, at present America remains one of the largest actors in the global economy, because of its ascending productivity, increasing competitiveness and domineering trade relations. Undisputedly and despite the global economic conditions, the American market will always be attractive for capitalisms from the rest of the world, because of its enormous size (Gowan, 2008; Dam, 2004; Verdier, 1994). This would perpetually encourage other economic powers from Asia and Latin America for example, to accept â€Å"American-centred economic regimes† (Gowan, 2008: 353). Also, the tangible American presence in the international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, makes the US a dominant power in terms of development economics and recovery. In this sense, the ideology and the structural characteristics of American capitalism have succeeded in a post-Cold war world, and despite the challenges ahead, at present the US remains a leading economic power. Democratization and the United States As the previous section briefly outlined, despite the formidable challenges on the global horizon, which the US faces, it has managed to preserve its economic position in the world. This economic position, however, is not simply the result of the rise of American capitalism within the world economy, but also of the political rise of the American values and the ability of the US to use its political power and influence in a globalizing world (Gowan, 2008). Authors such as Wallerstein (2003) and Gowan (2008) suggest that the US has managed to reshape the ideas of world peace and cooperation, through the historic preservation of its capitalist ideal. Also, the attempts to export democracy (Chua, 2004) and democratic values in many parts of the developing world have led to the widespread influence of the United States. Some are willing to speculate, that this was a devised strategy, designed to sustain the position of the United States as a leading political power (Cox, 2003). What was l abelled as neo-imperialism or the spread of American values through the use of â€Å"soft power† (Cox, 2003; Nye, 1990) is one of the main reasons, why the United States is likely to keep its place in the international system in the decades to come. The American democratic model has been exported to Africa, the Middle East and Latin America and despite the criticisms related to its implementation, it has served as a means for the preservation of the American position in foreign affairs. Conclusion This essay has attempted to show, that despite the challenges on the US foreign policy agenda, its influence in the international system remains significant. Therefore it would be exaggerated to say that the American dream is a reminiscence of the political past. The most powerful manifestations of the perpetuating American presence in foreign affairs are related to economic liberalism and political exports, such as democracy, human rights, and social equality. In the post-Cold war period, the United States has continued to spread its influence, and has largely remained at the centre of international financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. In terms of political governance, the American formula remains uncontested. America’s greatest export commodity – democracy – has established a sphere of influence in the developing world, where the American presence will remain strong, at least for several decades to come. Whether one will take the mercanlitist, multilateralist or imperialist approach to understanding America’s future role in the world is less relevant compared to the fact that the United States remains an important element in a shared world leadership, where the swing of China and Russia towards capitalism, and the rise of a global civil society, have already shifted the balance of power in a totally different direction. Bibliography: Baylis, J. Smith, S. (2007) eds, The Globalization of World Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press Brown, C., (2005) Understanding International Relations, Palgrave: Macmillan, Ch. 6, pp. 106-123 Chua, A. (2004) â€Å"Our Most Dangerous export†, Guardian, Saturday, February 28 Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/feb/28/globalisation.iraq Cox, M. (2003) â€Å"Empire’s Back in Town. Or America’s Imperial Temptation – Again†. Millennium: Journal of International Studies. ISSN 0305-8298. Vol.32, No.1, pp. 1-27 Cox, M. Stokes, D. (2008) â€Å"Introduction: US Foreign Policy- Past, Present and Future†, in US Foreign Policy, Cox, M. and Stokes, D. (eds), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 3-23 Crouch, C. (2004) Post – Democracy, Polity Press Dam, K.W. (2004) The Rules of the Global Game: A New Look at US International Economic Policymaking, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Gowan, P. (2008) â€Å"Global Economy†, in US Foreign Policy, Michael Cox Doug Stokes (eds), Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 336-350 Hunt, M. (1987) Ideology and US Foreign Policy. Yale University Press Levy, S.M. (2001). American Exceptionalism and US Foreign Policy. Palgrave, New York Nye, J. S. (1990) ‘Soft power’, Foreign Policy (electronic source), issue 80 (Fall), pp.153-71. Strange, S. (2002) The Declining Authority of States, in The Global Transformations Reader: an Introduction to the Globalization Debate, 2nd edition, Held and McGrew (eds) Cambridge: Polity Press, pp.127-134 Verdier, D. (1994) Democracy and International Trade, Princeton: Princeton University Press Wallerstein, I. (2003) Historical Capitalism with Capitalist Civilization London: Verso How to cite The American Influence in the post-Cold War Era: a Critical Perspective, Essay examples

Memo to Yale School of Nursing

Question: Write a five-page memo that adapts the case statement you have selected by creating a fundraising strategic framework. A successful memo will: Identify the NPO and case statement. Outline the main types of giving. For each giving method, clarify vital issues like donor identification, motivations,and recognition. Recommend what percentage of the development offices efforts should bedevoted to each type of giving, and over what time period Link the specifics of the case and NPO to the specifics of FD: the strategymemo should not be a flexible template that any organization could use; rather,your memo should be precisely adapted for and focused on your chosen nonprofit. Answer: Memo to Yale School of Nursing To : Top Management From : Fundraising Consultant Date : 22/06/2016 Subject : How to Raise Funds Skeletal Strategic Plan Yale Sale of Nursing was the first school established in the year 1923 with the objective of educating the advance practicing nurses to cater their services in order to help the public at large. With this vision in consideration, the Yale school of nursing has been growing since then with new ideas, innovative techniques and the major discoveries. Its mission is to provide better health care for all across the globe. Not only the students are being educated but also faculties of the school are providing major contribution by actively engaging in the researches relating to the profession. The common objective is to provide health care at the best locally, nationally and internationally. To achieve this objective the school requires funding in any way as the donor likes. There are many ways in which contributions can be made to the school at Yale. It consists of Alumni Annual Giving, Reunion giving, Corporate, Foundation, Planned giving and Capital giving. These contributions may be received from the Alumni of the School, Friends, relatives, companies, trusts and foundations. These are examined below in detail: Alumni Annual Giving: Method of annual giving plays vital role in the success of the school as it covers the budget of the university in educating the students as its very expensive to pursue and complete the study at Yale. It has helped the school in maintaining standards and by bringing the talented students irrespective of the cost of study. The donors in this method are duly recognized by School through Annie W. Goodrich Society which is a society created to make annual gifts to school and recognizes the donors according to slab defined as Leadership gifts. Like if donor donates annual amount of $10,000 and above towards the deans scholars then the same will be highly recognized by the school. Reunion Giving: In this method, donations are made by reunion participants when they all meet. Participants include classmates of various sessions and alumni. This method of giving provides the significant portion of the donation which gives the financial support to the school to run and also makes available endowment fund. The fund comes from many ways : Alumni Gift - All alumni are inspired to make contribution towards the unrestricted fund so that the school can utilize the same in any manner for running the day to day operations. Nathan Hale Scholarships - Alumni donors who give $10,000 or more in any financial year are required to specify the name of one year undergraduate or fellows. The amount will be utilized for helping the student or fellow in completing his or her study or research without the financial pressure. Century Fund It is received when the reunion is made on the quarter century or half century of the completion of their classes. The amount is directly credited to reunion fund. Corporate : The funding from corporations help the school to provide the financial aid for students, making the students to complete their internships in the particular company, to complete their research in collaboration with the professional of the company and helping the student by providing the best technology available from the company. Foundation: Foundations are the trust built by the school which supports various programs, activities relating to research, various projects of the school and the needs of the fellowship. Both the Corporate and Foundation method of giving fulfills the aim of the school in providing the best education to the students and making the fellows to complete their projects in the best manner. It provides the fund as restricted to the fulfillment of the particular objective such as faculty research programs. For instance, if the company wants to finance ongoing research of the student then the fund so receive shall be utilized in the same. Planned Giving: In this method of giving, the assets of the donor are given to the School for work and the income derived thereon is mutually shared by the donor and the school. The same way has been adopted by Julia, wife of deceased great Navy Chaplain Bradford E. Ableson. Bradford has take care of the community of pastoral ministry and has been impressed by the services and the way of teaching and doing of Yale School. He wants to donate the amount to Yale School. Therefore, In this method, Julia has invested the entire amount received on the death of her husband in the uni- trust in which trustee is Yale. Yale invest the said amount in the securities and with the mutual understanding, Julia received the amount of the annual income on the revalued investment every year and has also received higher tax exemption. On the end of the term the amount so invested has been given to Yale with the specification that the same shall be utilized in providing financial aid to the students who promise to provide the better health care. Capital Giving : These funds are received towards the renovation of the building or development of new building, facilities, laboratories, machines, etc. Donors can specify the purpose of fund which includes facilities, funding as scholarships and fellowships, development of hostel for the students, funding fir faculties serving in the school. These capital giving consists of the following: Endowment Gifts These gifts are invested by the school and the income there from is spent on the purpose defined by the donor. The funds so gifted are held on perpetual basis which has created an excellent image of Yale school across the globe. It provides support as scholarships and funds to teachers. Restricted Current Use In this the donors fund is utilized as per the specifications like renovation of the laboratories or replacement of existing machines with the new one, etc. But the term gets over the completion of the same. We assumed that the development office of Yale school of nursing is very dynamic and positive with the team of professionals who are engaged in the separate functions like finance, operations, budgeting, funding, investing, etc. For each type of giving whether it is annual, reunion planned, capital, corporate, foundation the efforts will be equally given with full competency and more emphasis will be laid on the development of school across the globe. The development office will devote time in accordance with the giving method chosen by the donors like for annual and reunion giving the efforts will be given on year on year basis, for planned and corporate giving the efforts shall be devoted on long term basis. Nurses, teachers and students have always dedicated their efforts to provide better health care to humans located in different geographical locations. They have helped the humans surviving in the China from HIV/AIDS and in Thailand from diabetes. In order to make this initiative made by the students, nurses and faculties, successful and provide them with more and more opportunities the new designation has been created in the school namely Associate Dean for Global Affairs. He or she is creating the platforms for the students and faculties to work abroad. With this step, the image of the school has been grown globally. The funds are required to equip the newly post so created with enough funds so that he can bring more optimistic and positive situation for students and faculties. The funds may be obtained from the members of alumni through the method of annual giving, from the companies through the method of corporate arrangement, from the foundations, from the voluntary members throu gh endowment method, from the friends, family or relatives through the restricted use fund or planned giving method. Best Regards, Consultant